Association between HIV Perceived Risk and Intimate Partner Violence among Women / Asociación entre Percepción de Riesgo de VIH y Violencia de Pareja en Mujeres

Abstract HIV risk perception and Intimate partner violence (IPV) are related to HIV infection in women. However, there is a lack of information regarding on the association between risk perception and IPV in the Mexican population. This study aimed to identify and characterize subgroups based on their risk perception through the analysis of latent classes and to evaluate the variables associated with HIV risk perception. An online survey was conducted to assess sexual and preventive behavior, HIV risk perception, and intimate partner violence. Three hundred thirty-two women participated; the sampling was for convenience. Two latent classes were identified: a group with risk perception (85%) and one without risk perception (14.6%). The variables associated with the risk perception were a sexual attraction to men, not having a stable partner, perceiving oneself as at risk of acquiring HIV due to sexual behavior, and the presence of IPV. HIV prevention programs for women must address the stigmas related to HIV, such as the idea that the risk only occurs when they have multiple sexual partners, promote accurate HIV risk perception and prevent IPV in all its expressions and contexts.

Resumen En mujeres, la violencia de pareja está relacionada a una mayor probabilidad de adquirir la infección por VIH. De igual forma, una inadecuada percepción de riesgo de adquirir el virus coloca a las mujeres en una situación vulnerable. Existe una falta de información ente la asociación de la VPI y la percepción de riesgo es mujeres mexicanas. Este estudio persiguió dos objetivos: el primero fue identificar y caracterizar subgrupos en función de su percepción de riesgo a través del análisis de clases latentes; el segundo objetivo consistió en evaluar las variables asociadas con la percepción de riesgo de VIH. Se realizó una encuesta en línea para evaluar el comportamiento sexual y preventivo, la percepción del riesgo de VIH y la VP. Participaron 332 mujeres; el muestreo fue por conveniencia. Se identificaron dos clases latentes: un grupo con percepción de riesgo (85%) y otro sin percepción de riesgo (14,6%). Las variables asociadas a la percepción de riesgo fueron atracción sexual por hombres, no tener pareja estable, percibirse en riesgo de adquirir el VIH por la conducta sexual y haber sufrido de violencia de pareja en los últimos seis meses. Se concluye que los programas de prevención del VIH para mujeres deben abordar los estigmas relacionados con el VIH, como la idea de que el riesgo solo ocurre cuando tienen múltiples parejas sexuales, promover una percepción precisa del riesgo del VIH y principalmente, prevenir la VP en todas sus expresiones y contextos; así como también dar atención personalizada a mujeres que ya sufren de violencia de pareja.

Escala de Percepção de Risco sobre Covid-19/Isolamento Social: Propriedades Psicométricas / Escala de Percepción de Riesgo sobre Covid-19 y Aislamiento Social: Propiedades Psicométricas / Psychometric Properties of Risk Perception Scale about Covid-19 and Social Isolation (RPSCI)

Risk perception is a concept related to the decision-making process and allows people to perceive the hazards surrounding the context and choose the best preventive methods to avoid them. The COVID-19 pandemic was a remarkable era in which people had to adopt protective methods, such as social isolation, to reduce the possibility of being contaminated by the virus. This study covers the development, psychometric properties, and norms of a scale to assess Risk Perception regarding COVID-19 and Social Isolation. The analysis suggested good expert agreement regarding the adequacy of the scale content and items and factor analysis suggested two factors, called the emotional and cognitive domains. The composite reliability suggested the internal consistency of the scale and its factors. All the results of this study suggest that this scale presents evidence of construct validity, constituting a reliable instrument. This new instrument may be used to evaluate risk perception related to COVID-19 and Social Isolation.

La percepción del riesgo es un concepto relacionado con el proceso de toma de decisiones y permite a las personas percibir los peligros en el contexto y elegir los mejores métodos de prevención para evitarlos. La pandemia de COVID-19 es una era notable en la que las personas deben adoptar métodos, como el aislamiento social, para reducir la posibilidad de ser contaminados por el virus. Este estudio proporciona el desarrollo, las propiedades psicométricas y las normas de una escala para evaluar Percepción de Riesgo sobre el COVID-19 y el Aislamiento Social. El análisis sugirió un buen acuerdo de expertos sobre el ajuste del contenido y la escala de ítems y el análisis factorial apuntó dos factores denominados dominios emocional y cognitivo. La confiabilidad compuesta sugirió consistencia interna de la escala y sus factores. Todos los resultados de este estudio proponen que esta escala presenta evidencia de validez de constructo y es un instrumento confiable. Este nuevo instrumento podrá ser utilizado para evaluar la percepción de riesgo sobre el COVID-19 y el aislamiento social.

A percepção de risco é um conceito relacionado ao processo de tomada de decisão e permite que as pessoas percebam os perigos em torno do contexto e escolham os melhores métodos de prevenção para evitá-los. A pandemia do COVID-19 é uma era marcante em que as pessoas devem adotar métodos de proteção, como o isolamento social, para reduzir a possibilidade de serem contaminados pelo vírus. Este estudo fornece o desenvolvimento, as propriedades psicométricas e normas de uma escala para avaliar Percepção de Risco sobre COVID-19 e Isolamento Social. A análise sugeriu boa concordância dos especialistas sobre o ajuste de conteúdo e itens da escala, e a análise fatorial sugeriu dois fatores denominados domínios emocionais e cognitivos. A confiabilidade composta sugeriu a consistência interna da escala e seus fatores. Todos os resultados deste estudo sugerem que esta escala apresenta evidências de validade de construto, sendo um instrumento confiável. Este novo instrumento poderá ser utilizado para avaliar a percepção de risco sobre a COVID-19 e o Isolamento Social.

Intervención educativa sobre la COVID-19 en los trabajadores del Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de la Defensa Civil / Educational intervention on COVID-19 in the personnel of the Civil Defense Scientific Research Center

Introducción: La COVID-19 creó desafíos sin precedentes para la comunidad y los trabajadores de la salud, por lo que contribuir a incrementar la percepción del riesgo mediante la capacitación fue una premisa elemental en tiempos de la pandemia. Objetivo: La investigación tuvo la finalidad de contribuir a incrementar el conocimiento en aspectos importantes sobre la COVID-19 en los trabajadores del Centro de Investigaciones Científicas de la Defensa Civil. Métodos: Se realizó una evaluación antes y después de la intervención en el período de febrero a abril de 2021. La muestra estuvo conformada por 50 trabajadores divididos en dos grupos: 1) investigadores y técnicos; 2) personal de apoyo. La investigación se desarrolló en tres etapas: diagnóstico, intervención y evaluación. Se conformó una base de datos con la información recopilada y para su análisis se empleó el método de comparación de proporciones de las respuestas entre los grupos, antes y después de la evaluación. Se calculó el porcentaje de apropiación de conocimientos con nivel de significación (p < 0,05) y se aplicó el t-Student para muestras dependientes. Resultados: De 50 trabajadores 35 (70 %) eran del sexo femenino; predominó el nivel escolar universitario con un total de 33 (66 %). Se observó un incremento estadísticamente significativo, tanto en la apropiación del conocimiento en ambos grupos, como en las preguntas adecuadas, después de la intervención (p < 0,05); siendo superior en el grupo del personal de apoyo. Conclusiones: La intervención educativa contribuyó a incrementar los conocimientos acerca de la COVID-19 en los trabajadores del centro, lo que tuvo un impacto favorable.

Introduction: COVID-19 created unprecedented challenges for the community and health workers; therefore, contributing to increase risk perception through training was an elementary premise in times of the pandemic. Objective: The research aimed at increasing the knowledge of important aspects of COVID-19 among the personnel of the Civil Defense Scientific Research Center. Methods: An evaluation was carried out before and after the intervention from February to April 2021. The sample consisted of 50 workers divided into two groups: 1) researchers and technicians; 2) support personnel. The research comprised three stages: diagnosis, intervention, and evaluation. A database was created with the information collected. For its analysis, the compare proportions test of responses between the groups, before and after the evaluation, was used. The percentage of knowledge appropriation was calculated with significance level (p < 0.05), and the t-Student was applied for dependent samples. Results: Out of 50 workers, 35 (70%) were female; 33 (66%) had a university education level. A statistically significant increase in both knowledge acquisition and appropriate questions was observed in the groups after the intervention (p < 0.05), which was higher in the support staff group. Conclusions: The educational intervention contributed to increasing knowledge about COVID-19 among the workers of the center, which had a favorable impact.

Silêncio na redação ­ a saúde mental de jornalistas na abordagem da comunicação de riscos / Silence in the newsroom ­ journalist's mental health from the risk communication approach / Silencio en la redacción ­ la salud mental de los periodistas en el abordaje de la comunicación de riesgo

Desde a década de 1990, o psiquiatra sul-africano Anthony Feinstein tem abordado o tema da saúde mental de jornalistas na cobertura de tragédias humanitárias, com foco no Transtorno do Estresse Pós-traumático (TEPT) e em moral injury (lesão moral), definido como uma ferida na alma. Em 2020, primeiro ano da pandemia da covid-19, o artigo "The covid reporters are not okay. Extremely not okay", da jovem jornalista Olivia Messer, trabalhando on-line, chamou a atenção não apenas para o tema da saúde mental dos repórteres, como também para a invisibilidade do assunto. Este artigo objetiva investigar como a comunicação de riscos pode contribuir para descortinar e enfrentar os riscos à saúde mental de jornalistas no Brasil, especialmente no contexto das redações híbridas e da plataformização do jornalismo, um dos campos que compõem o referencial teórico em seu cruzamento com a comunicação de riscos e a psiquiatra. A metodologia contempla a pesquisa bibliográfica nessas três áreas, a plataformização do jornalismo, a comunicação de riscos e a psiquiatria, a partir da conexão entre elas, e da análise de conteúdo, de base quantitativa, da cobertura do assunto pelos jornais Folha de S.Paulo e O Globo. Os resultados apontam a urgência da retirada do tema da invisibilidade midiática e social e confirmam a potencialidade da comunicação de riscos para o seu enfrentamento.

Since the 1990s, South African psychiatrist Anthony Feinstein has addressed the issue of the mental health of journalists covering humanitarian tragedies, focusing on Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and moral injury, defined as a wound in the soul. In 2020, the first year of the covid-19 pandemic, the article "The covid reporters are not okay. Extremely not okay", by young journalist Olivia Messer, working online drew attention not only to the issue of reporters' mental health, but also to the invisibility of the issue. This article aims to investigate how risk communication can contribute to uncover and address the risks to the mental health of journalists in Brazil, especially in the context of hybrid newsrooms and the plat-formization of journalism, one of the fields that make up the theoretical framework in its intersection with risk communication and psychiatry. The methodology includes bibliographic research in these three areas, platformization of journalism, risk communication and psychiatry, from the connection between them, and content analysis, of quantitative basis, of the coverage of the subject by Folha de S.Paulo and O Globo newspapers. The results point to the urgency of removing this issue of media and social invisibility and recognising the potential of risk communication to face it.

Desde la década de 1990, el psiquiatra sudafricano Anthony Feinstein ha abordado la cuestión de la salud mental de los periodistas que cubren tragedias humanitarias, centrándose en el Trastorno de Estrés Pos-traumático (TEPT) y el moral injury (el daño moral), definidos como una herida en el alma. En 2020, el primer año de la pandemia de covid-19, el artículo "The covid reporters are not okay. Extremely not okay", de la joven periodista Olivia Messer, que trabaja en línea, llamó la atención no sólo sobre la cuestión de la salud mental de los periodistas, sino también sobre la invisibilidad del tema. Este artículo pretende investigar cómo la comunicación de riesgo puede contribuir a descubrir y abordar los riesgos para la salud mental de los periodistas en Brasil, especialmente en el contexto de las redacciones híbridas y la plata-formización del periodismo, uno de los campos que conforman el marco teórico en su intersección con la comunicación de riesgo y la psiquiatría. La metodología contempla la investigación bibliográfica en estas tres áreas, plataformización del periodismo, comunicación de riesgo y la psiquiatría, a partir de la conexión entre ellas, y el análisis de contenido, de base cuantitativa, de la cobertura del tema por los periódicos Folha de S.Paulo y O Globo. Los resultados apuntan a la urgencia de sacar el tema de la invisibilidad mediática y social y confirman la potencialidad de la comunicación de riesgos para su confrontación

Percepção de risco e comportamentos de proteção face à covid-19 em estudantes do ensino superior: o papel mediador do medo / Percepción del riesgo y conductas protectoras frente al covid-19 en estudiantes de enseñanza superior: el papel mediador del miedo / Risk Perception and Protective Behaviors Against covid-19 in Higher Education Students: The Mediating Role of Fea

O estudo tem como objetivo descrever os comportamentos de proteção adotados por estudantes portugue-ses do ensino superior durante a pandemia e analisar a sua relação com a percepção de risco e o papel mediador do medo face à covid-19. Participaram 335 estu-dantes com idades entre os 18 e os 29 anos (m= 21.42; dp= 2.43). Os participantes preencheram um inquérito sobre os comportamentos de proteção (i.e., preventi-vos e de evitamento), a percepção de risco e o medo face à covid-19. Os resultados demonstraram que os comportamentos preventivos mais utilizados foram a lavagem/desinfecção das mãos ao longo do dia e o uso de máscara na via pública ou espaços exteriores. Os comportamentos de evitamento mais adotados foram o de evitar locais com aglomeração e os convívios presenciais com colegas/amigos. Verificouse uma as-sociação positiva entre os comportamentos de proteção, a percepção de gravidade e o medo face à covid-19. O medo face à covid-19 foi mediador da relação entre a percepção de gravidade e os comportamentos preventivos (c' = .26, ic 95% [.11; .44]) e de evitamento (c' = .28, ic 95% [.12; .50]). Os resultados são discutidos aten-dendo ao papel da percepção de risco e do medo nas respostas comportamentais dos jovens, num contexto de pandemia, sendo apresentadas implicações práticas e sugestões para estudos futuros.

El estudio tiene como objetivo describir las conductas protectoras adoptadas por los estudiantes portugueses de educación superior durante la pandemia, y analizar su relación con la percepción de riesgo y el papel mediador del miedo al covid-19. Participaron en el estudio 335 estudiantes de entre 18 y 29 años (m = 21.42; ds = 2.43). Los participantes completaron una encuesta sobre conductas protectoras (es decir, preventivas y de evitación), percepción de riesgo y miedo al covid-19. Los resultados mostraron que las conductas preventivas más utilizadas fueron el lavado/desinfección de manos a lo largo del día y el uso de mascarilla en la vía pública o al aire libre. Los comportamientos de evitación más adoptados fueron evadir lugares con reuniones e interacciones cara a cara con compañeros/amigos. Hubo una correlación positiva entre las conductas protectoras, la percepción de seriedad y el miedo al covid-19. También se encontró que el miedo al covid-19 medió la relación entre la percepción de severidad y las conductas preventivas (c' = .26, ic 95% [.11; .44]) y de evitación (c' = .28, ic 95% [.12; .50]). Los resultados se discuten considerando el papel de la percepción del riesgo y el miedo en las respuestas conductuales de los jóvenes en un contexto pandémico, así mismo se presentan impli-caciones prácticas y sugerencias para estudios futuros.

The study aims to describe the protective behaviors adopted by Portuguese higher education students in during the and to analyze their relationship with the perception of risk and the mediating role of fear of covid-19. A total of 335 students aged be-tween 18 and 29 participated in the study (m= 21.42; sd = 2.43). Participants completed a survey on protective (i.e., preventive and avoidance) behaviors, risk perception, and fear of covid-19. The results showed that the most used preventive behaviors were hand washing/disinfection throughout the day and using masks in public streets or outdoor spaces. The most adopted avoidance behaviors were avoiding crowded places and face-to-face interactions with colleagues/friends. There was a positive correlation between pro-tective behaviors, the perception of severity, and fear of covid-19. Fear of covid-19 mediated the relation between the perception of severity and both preventive (c' = .26, ic 95% [.11; .44]) and avoidance (c' = .28, ic95% [.12; .50]) behaviors. The results are discussed considering the role of risk perception and fear in the behavioral responses of young people in a pandemic context while presenting practical implications and suggestions for future studies.

Development and validation of nurses′ perception scale of patients' suicide risk / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To develop the nursing staff's perception scale of patients′ suicide risk and test its reliability and validity, so as to provide basis for managers to formulate training strategies for nurses' suicide gatekeepers.Methods:This was a cross-sectional study. Based on cognitive-experiential self-theory, and on the basis of literature review and semi-structured interviews at home and abroad, a scale item pool was formed, and an initial scale was formed through expert inquiry and pre-investigation. In September, 2022, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among 459 nurses from three tertiary general hospitals and oncology hospitals by convenience sampling method in Jinan and Dezhou, Shandong Province. SPSS25.0 and AMOS23.0 software were used to analyze the items and test the reliability and validity of the scale.Results:The formal scale included three dimensions, namely, cognitive judgment, emotional evaluation, and concern, with 15 items in total. Exploratory factor analysis extracted three common factors, and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 67.845%. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that each test quantity of the fitness of the formal scale model is within the acceptable range and loads of 15 items in the corresponding factors were all >0.45; the content validity index S-CVI of the scale was 0.972, Cronbach′s α coefficient of the total scale was 0.907, and the half reliability was 0.814. Conclusion:The scale of nurses′ perception of patients′ suicide risk has good reliability and validity, and it can be used to evaluate nurses′ perceptions of patients′ suicide risk.

Discrepancy between behavioral-indicated and perceived candidacy for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men in Chengdu, China / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the discrepancy between behavioral-indicated candidacy and perceived candidacy (behavioral-perceived gap) and its associated factors of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among men who have sex with men (MSM), so as to identify the focus population of PrEP interventions and to design and implement targeted interventions.@*METHODS@#We recruited a sample of 622 HIV-negative MSM who were regular clients of a community-based organization located in Chengdu, China, from November to December 2021. A cross-sectional questionnaire was used to collect the participants' information on social demographics, PrEP-related knowledge and cognitions, and risk behaviors. In this study, behaviorally eligible for PrEP was defined as performing at least one type of high-risk behavior in the past six months, including inconsistent condom use, sex with an HIV-positive partner, confirmed sexual transmitted infections (STI) diagnosis, substance use, and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) experience. Logistic regression models were fitted, and multivariate analyses were adjusted for social demographics.@*RESULTS@#Among the 622 eligible participants, 52.6% (327/622) were classified as behaviorally eligible for PrEP. Only 37.9% (124/327) of the participants perceived themselves as appropriate candidates for PrEP and 62.1% (203/207) had discrepancy between behavioral-indicated and perceived candidacy. 85.9% (281/327) had heard of PrEP, and 14.2% (40/281) accessed PrEP information through health care providers. Of the 327 participants eligible for behavior-indicated PrEP use, about half (47.1%) knew how to obtain PrEP medication and 33.0% had a professional PrEP counseling experience. The majority (93.3%) had no or few friends using PrEP. 54.1% scored eight or above in PrEP knowledge level. 66.7% reported having two or more sexual partners in the past six months. After adjusting for age and recruitment channel, we found six factors that were associated with perceived candidacy for PrEP, including PEP use [adjusted odds ratio (ORA)=2.20; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.33-3.63], PrEP availability (ORA=1.69; 95%CI: 1.06-2.68), a greater number of PrEP-using friends (ORA=4.92; 95%CI: 1.77-13.65), PrEP know-ledge (ORA=2.21; 95%CI: 1.38-3.56), multiple sexual partnership (ORA=1.77; 95%CI: 1.07-2.94), and perceiving a higher risk of HIV infection (ORA=4.02; 95%CI: 1.73-9.32). Substance use during sex and PrEP information channel were not statistically associated with this beha-vioral-perceived gap.@*CONCLUSION@#We observed a high discrepancy between behavioral-indicated and perceived candidacy for PrEP among Chengdu MSM in China. Future PrEP implementation efforts should be made in skills training in assessing HIV infection risk, increasing PrEP knowledge, providing professional PrEP counselling, and fostering PrEP support environment.

"¿Qué opción les queda a las personas, más que nosotros?": Las funciones de los consultorios adyacentes a farmacias en la pandemia de covid-19 / "What choice do people have other than us?": The role of doctors' offices adjacent to private pharmacies in the Covid-19 pandemic

RESUMEN Con la llegada del coronavirus a México, los consultorios adyacentes a farmacias desempeñaron un rol preponderante en el diagnóstico, atención y prevención del covid-19. De acuerdo a las encuestas nacionales, entre el 11,7% y el 23% de las personas con síntomas de covid-19 se atendieron en uno. Por ello, este artículo busca identificar el papel de los consultorios adyacentes a farmacias (CAF) como sistema de salud privado que atendió a personas con síntomas de covid-19 en la ciudad de Oaxaca y describir y analizar los factores que influyeron en su utilización. Desde una metodología cualitativa, entre septiembre de 2020 y agosto de 2022 se entrevistó a 12 médicos y médicas y se aplicó un cuestionario a 59 personas usuarias de los consultorios adyacentes a farmacias del municipio de Oaxaca de Juárez. Asimismo se hizo una recopilación y análisis de fuentes secundarias. Entre los hallazgos, se describen sus funciones como frente de atención al covid-19 y a otras necesidades de salud que emergieron con la crisis sanitaria y se analizan los factores determinantes en las trayectorias de atención de personas usuarias de estos consultorios, como son el incremento en la percepción del riesgo y la desconfianza hacia los servicios públicos o hacia las estrategias implementadas por el gobierno federal.

ABSTRACT With the arrival of coronavirus in Mexico, doctors' offices adjacent to private pharmacies (DAPPs) played a major role in the diagnosis, care, and prevention of Covid-19, providing treatment for 11.7% to 23% of people with Covid-19 symptoms according to national surveys. Therefore, this article seeks to identify the role of DAPPs as a private health system providing care for patients with Covid-19 symptoms in the city of Oaxaca, and to describe and analyze the factors that influenced their utilization. Using a qualitative methodology, twelve physicians were interviewed and 59 users responded to a questionnaire at doctors' offices adjacent to pharmacies in the municipality of Oaxaca de Juárez between September 2020 and August 2022. Secondary data were also collected. Among the findings, the function of these offices at the front line of care for Covid-19 and other health needs that emerged with the public health crisis is described, and the determining factors in care trajectories of users that sought care there are analyzed, such as the increase in perception of risk and mistrust towards public services or strategies implemented by the federal government..

Percepción de riesgo de la COVID-19 en gestantes ante la nueva normalidad

La pandemia derivada de la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019, está caracterizada por una elevada propagación en la población y la no percepción del riesgo es una amenaza que se enfrenta en la gestión de esta pandemia. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en 320 gestantes que acudieron a la consulta de ultrasonido en el Policlínico Carlos J. Finlay de Santiago de Cuba con el objetivo de realizar un diagnóstico de la percepción que tienen las gestantes sobre la COVID 19 ante la nueva normalidad. Se utilizaron variables cualitativas que evaluaron la percepción de riesgo sobre la COVID 19. Para la obtención de la información se les aplicó una encuesta. A pesar de que el 93,1 % de las encuestadas consideran la COVID 19 como una enfermedad grave, un porciento considerable saludaría a las personas con besos y abrazos, dudaría en ingresar si fuese contacto de un paciente sospechoso y confirmado, no consideraría necesario las acciones de control al viajero, realizarían fiestas familiares, no se preocuparían ante cualquier síntoma si no han tenido contacto con casos sospechosos y confirmados, consideran que la COVID no tiene consecuencias para todos, solo para los pacientes vulnerables y lo más alarmante que el 71,5 % no sienten temor a contagiarse porque las gestantes no son vulnerables. La percepción real del riesgo para la salud aún es mínima, y las gestantes no concientizan que constituyen un grupo vulnerable para esta enfermedad.

The pandemic derived from coronavirus disease 2019 is characterized by a high spread in the population and the non-perception of risk is a threat faced in the management of this pandemic. A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in 320 pregnant women who attended the ultrasound consultation at the Carlos J. Finlay Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba with the aim of making a diagnosis of the perception that pregnant women have about COVID 19 in the face of the new normality. Qualitative variables were used to evaluate the perception of risk on COVID 19. To obtain the information, a survey was applied. Despite the fact that 93.1% of those surveyed consider COVID 19 to be a serious illness, a considerable percentage would greet people with kisses and hugs, would hesitate to enter if they were the contact of a suspected and confirmed patient, would not consider necessary the traveler control actions, they would hold family parties, they would not worry about any symptoms if they have not had contact with suspected and confirmed cases, they consider that COVID does not have consequences for everyone, only for vulnerable patients and the most alarming thing is that 71, 5% are not afraid of getting infected because pregnant women are not vulnerable. The real perception of health risk is still minimal, and pregnant women are not aware that they constitute a vulnerable group for this disease.

A pandemia derivada da doença do coronavírus 2019, caracteriza-se por uma elevada propagação na população e a não perceção de risco é uma ameaça enfrentada na gestão desta pandemia. Foi realizado um estudo transversal descritivo em 320 gestantes que compareceram à consulta de ultrassom na Policlínica Carlos J. Finlay, em Santiago de Cuba, com o objetivo de fazer um diagnóstico da percepção que as gestantes têm sobre a COVID 19 diante da nova normalidade. Variáveis qualitativas foram utilizadas para avaliar a percepção de risco sobre a COVID 19. Para a obtenção das informações, aplicou-se um levantamento. Apesar de 93,1% dos entrevistados considerarem a COVID 19 como uma doença grave, uma porcentagem considerável cumprimentaria as pessoas com beijos e abraços, hesitaria em entrar se fosse um contato de um paciente suspeito e confirmado, não consideraria necessário controlar o viajante, realizaria festas familiares, não se preocuparia com nenhum sintoma se não tivesse tido contato com casos suspeitos e confirmados, consideram que a COVID não tem consequências para todos, apenas para os doentes vulneráveis e o mais alarmante é que 71,5% não têm medo de se infectarem porque as grávidas não são vulneráveis. A percepção real do risco à saúde ainda é mínima, e as gestantes não percebem que constituem um grupo vulnerável para essa doença.

Relationship of college students’ risk perception of COVID-19 and their anxiety and depression: A moderated mediation model / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

【Objective】 To explore the effects of perceived risk of COVID-19 of college students on their anxiety and depression, as well as the roles of attention to negative information and perceived social support, so as to provide theoretical basis for colleges and universities to formulate corresponding intervention measures. 【Methods】 By the convenience sampling method, totally 1 404 college students from Shaanxi and Henan provinces were investigated online by using General Information Questionnaire, Perceived Risk of COVID-19 Pandemic Scale, Attention to Negative Information Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire, Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Perceived Social Support Scale. SPSS 20.0 was used for data analysis, Pearson correlation method was used to explore the correlation between variables. The mediating effect of attention to negative information and the moderating effect of perceived social support were analyzed by PROCESS. 【Results】 The scores of anxiety and depression of the 1 404 college students included in the study were 4.03±4.48 and 6.21±5.41, respectively. The detection rate of anxiety symptom was 29.9%, and that of depression symptom was 44.4%. The risk perception of COVID-19 epidemic of the college students was positively correlated with attention to negative information (r=0.373, P<0.001), anxiety (r=0.227, P<0.001), and depression (r=0.226, P<0.001). Anxiety (r=0.553, P<0.001) and depression (r=0.497, P<0.001) were positively correlated with attention to negative information, while perceived social support was negatively correlated with the risk perception of the COVID-19 (r=-0.154, P<0.001), attention to negative information (r=-0.259, P<0.001), anxiety (r=-0.321, P<0.001) and depression (r=-0.278, P<0.001). The risk perception of COVID-19 affected the anxiety and depression of the students mainly through the mediating effect of attention to negative information. The total effect of risk perception of COVID-19 and anxiety was 0.227, and the mediating effect accounted for 80.18% of the total effect. The total effect of risk perception of COVID-19 and depression was 0.228, and the mediating effect accounted for 90.35% of the total effect. Perceived social support played a moderating role in the last half of this mediating model. 【Conclusion】 Risk perception of COVID-19 indirectly affects the occurrence of anxiety and depression in college students through attention to negative information, and perceived social support plays a moderating role in this mediating model. The findings suggest that when a risk event occurs, colleges and universities should pay attention to guiding students to adjust their attentional bias to external information, and give students enough care and support to improve their mental health.

Study on the Impact of Medical Risk Perception on Clinical Treatment Decision-making in Preoperative Patients with Malignant Tumors / 中国医学伦理学

【Objective:】 To understand the current status and related impacts of medical risk perception and treatment decision-making in preoperative patients with malignant tumors. 【Methods:】 The 350 malignant tumor patients who were hospitalized for surgical treatment in two tertiary hospitals in Liaoning Province were selected. The general information questionnaire, medical risk perception questionnaire, and participation in treatment decision-making questionnaire were used as survey tools. SPSS26.0 software, data statistical methods such as the Kappa test and multiple linear regression were used to analyze valid data. 【Results:】 Among the 350 subjects, the mean scores of the actual level of participation in treatment decision-making and attitude towards participation in treatment decision-making were(1.75±0.50) and(1.56±0.52), respectively, and the consistency between them was poor(Kappa=0.134, P<0.001). The total score of medical risk perception in preoperative patients with malignant tumors was(57.13±16.2). The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that the actual degree of patient participation in treatment decision-making was influenced by the experience of surgical treatment(β=-1.744, P<0.05), economic risk in medical risk perception(β=0.478, P<0.05), and time risk (β=0.478, P<0.05). Economic risk in medical risk perception(β=0.043, P<0.05), time risk (β=0.646, P<0.05), and psychological risk(β=-0.329, P<0.05) were the influencing factors of patients’ attitude towards participating in treatment decision-making. 【Conclusion:】 Medical professionals should pay more attention to the influence of medical risk perception of malignant tumor patients on treatment decision-making. Malignant tumor patients should fully exercise their right to choose treatment plans independently, and jointly improve the actual level and attitude of the group when participating in treatment decision-making.

Desregulación emocional y nivel de riesgo por consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en universitarios colombianos / Emotional dysregulation and risk level for consumption of psychoactive substances in Colombian university students

Resumen El consumo de sustancias psicoactivas [SPA] es un problema de salud pública, y constituye uno de los principales factores de riesgo para la salud. Se ha observado que el consumo de SPA está mediado por diferentes variables, una de ellas es la desregulación emocional, y se requiere mayor investigación del comportamiento de esta variable y su relación con los niveles de riesgo asociado al consumo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar si existen diferencias en la desregulación emocional según el nivel de riesgo asociado al consumo de sustancias en una muestra de universitarios. Para tal efecto se adelantó un estudio descriptivo por comparación de grupos con una muestra de 721 estudiantes. Los resultados indicaron altas prevalencias de consumo de SPA; diferencias en los puntajes de desregulación emocional según el nivel de riesgo para tranquilizantes y cocaína, y que, a nivel general, aquellos universitarios con menor nivel de riesgo son quienes presentan menores puntajes de desregulación emocional, lo que sugiere que la desregulación emocional es una variable predictora de un mayor nivel de riesgo asociado al consumo de SPA.

Abstract The use of psychoactive substances is a public health problem, and it is one of the main health risk factors. It has been observed that the use of drugs is mediated by different variables, one of them is the emotional dysregulation, and more research is required on the behavior of this variable and its relationship with the levels of risk in the consumption. The aim of this study was to determine whether there are differences in emotional dysregulation according to the level of risk associated with substance use in a sample of 721 university students. For this purpose, a descriptive study was carried out by comparing groups. The results indicated high prevalence of PAS consumption, differences in emotional dysregulation scores according to the risk level for tranquilizer pills and cocaine. In general, the students with a lower risk level are those who present lower emotional dysregulation scores, suggesting that emotional dysregulation is a predictor variable of a higher level of risk associated with PAS consumption.

Percepción de riesgo asociada al consumo de alcohol, tabaco y marihuana en estudiantes universitarios: diferencias en función del consumo y del sexo / Perceived risk associated with the consumption of alcohol, tobacco and marijuana: differences according to use and gender

Resumen El consumo de alcohol, tabaco y marihuana presenta una alta prevalencia entre adultos emergentes universitarios. Una variable que incide en el consumo de estas tres sustancias psicoactivas es la percepción de riesgo asociada a dicha conducta. Este estudio examinó -en adultos emergentes universitarios argentinos- la relación bi o multivariada, entre el riesgo percibido de consumir alcohol, tabaco y marihuana, y el consumo propiamente dicho de estas sustancias. Se analizaron también variaciones en la percepción de riesgo en función del sexo y del tipo de consumo (con y sin consumo episódico excesivo de alcohol [CEEA], con y sin consumo de tabaco o marihuana). La muestra final, no probabilística y de carácter accidental, estuvo compuesta por 279 estudiantes universitarios (75.6% mujeres; M edad = 23.02; DE = 3.36) que completaron un cuestionario online. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la percepción de riesgo (global y para indicadores individuales) en función del sexo y del tipo de consumo. A su vez, el sexo (i.e., ser hombre) y la mayor frecuencia de CEEA, de consumo de tabaco y marihuana se asociaron a la percepción de un menor riesgo atribuido al consumo de cada sustancia. Los hallazgos sugieren que las conductas de consumo frecuente e intensivo podrían ser el foco de intervenciones para corregir posibles sesgos en la interpretación o valoración del riesgo percibido.

Abstract Alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana consumption is highly prevalent among emerging adult college students. One of the variables influencing the consumption of these three psychoactive substances is the perception of risk associated with such behavior. This work examined bivariate and multivariate relationships between risk perception of alcohol, tobacco and marijuana use, and the use of those substances, in Argentinian emerging adults that attend college. Additionally, we analyzed differences in risk perception in regards of gender. A sample of 279 college students (75.6% women; M age = 23.02; SD = 3.36) completed an online survey. We used a non-probabilistic and accidental sampling. We found significant differences in risk perception as a function of gender and type of consumption (i.e., with/without heavy episodic drinking [HED], with or without tobacco/marijuana use). Being men and exhibiting a higher frequency of HED, tobacco or marijuana consumption were significantly associated to the perception of a lower risk attributed to each substance. These findings suggests that frequent and intensive substance use behaviors could be the focus for interventions to correct risk perceptions.

Covid-19: Percepción de riesgo poblacional y cumplimiento de medidas de protección en La Habana / Covid-19: perception of population risk and compliance with protection measures in Havana

Introducción: En Cuba antes de registrarse casos de la Covid-19 se elaboró un Plan de Prevención y Control y se conformó un Grupo de Trabajo para asesorar al Gobierno en el enfrentamiento a la pandemia con una participación crucial y cohesionada de la comunidad, los trabajadores de la salud y la comunidad científica del país. Objetivo: Explorar la percepción de riesgo y las actitudes de personas residentes en La Habana en el cumplimiento de las medidas de protección durante la Covid-19. Material y Métodos: Entre los meses de mayo-julio de 2021 se realizó un estudio descriptivo trasversal para lo cual se aplicó una encuesta online en Google Forms que se mantuvo en línea durante tres meses; la misma fue respondida de forma voluntaria por 2 012 residentes en todos los municipios de La Habana, integrantes de grupos poblacionales de interés en Telegram®, WhatsApp y otras redes sociales. Resultados: Se evidenció baja percepción de riesgo e incumplimiento de las medidas de protección entre los encuestados. Conclusiones: La baja percepción de riesgo poblacional y el incumplimiento de las medidas de protección contribuyen a elevar la gravedad de la situación epidemiológica de La Habana y la expansión de la pandemia.

Introduction: Before cases of Covid-19 were registered in Cuba, a prevention and control plan was developed and a working group was formed to advise the Government on the confrontation of the pandemic with a crucial and cohesive participation of the community, the health workers, and the scientific community of the country. Objective: to explore the risk perception and attitudes of people residing in Havana in compliance with protection measures during Covid-19. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out between May and July 2021 applying an online survey in Google Forms that remained online for three months and was answered voluntarily by 2 012 residents in all the municipalities of Havana that were members of population groups of interest on Telegram®, WhatsApp, and other social networks. Results: Low risk perception and non-compliance with protection measures were evidenced among the respondents. Conclusions: The low perception of population risk and non-compliance with protection measures contribute to increasing the severity of the epidemiological situation in Havana and the spread of the pandemic.

Change In Risk Perception and Behavior of the People of India during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: On 25th March 2020 the COVID-19 pandemic had affected more than 600 individuals across India and a nationwide lockdown was imposed. Although the number of active cases kept on increasing the government had to keep relaxing the lockdown as the months passed expecting people to continue practicing the COVID-19 mitigating behaviours. Various dynamic factors like risk perception are shown to determine the degree to which people practice the mitigating behaviours. We aimed to study the degree to which the practice of COVID-19 related mitigating behaviours has changed amongst people of India over a period of 5 months from lockdown to Unlock and the factors associated with it. The aim of the study was to study and compare the change in behaviour among different groups of people towards the COVID-19 pandemic from the period of the lockdown 1.0 (25th March 2020 to 31st May 2020) to 1st September 2020 onwards in terms of precautions adopted by them. Methodology: The nature of this study is cross-sectional, and it is an online-based survey. We conducted a cross-sectional observational study using an anonymous online questionnaire (which was divided into 3 sections) about demography, change in adoption of protective measures against the COVID-19 infection, change in avoidant behaviour towards the potential sources of infection, change in their perception of risk of the infection, and the probable reasons for this change. In all question participants were asked to choose the answer that best reflects the change in their behaviour that might have occurred from the time of strict nationwide lockdown (25th March – 31st May 2020) to Unlock 4.0 (1st September 2020 onwards). The data was entered and tabulated using EXCEL 2020 and was analysed using SPSS Version 22.0. Comparisons were done using Chi-Square test. Results of analysis have been expressed as percentages. Results: The total number of participants in our survey after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria was 1030. Subjects demonstrated decreased practice of most COVID-19 mitigating behaviours as the pandemic progressed with the exception of use of sanitises and wearing of masks. The mitigating behaviour which decreased the most was social distancing as almost two third participants went out for non-essential activities more than before. Risk perception of the illness seems to be the most important predictor of health- related protective behaviour. Perceived susceptibility of self and loved ones was not associated with change of behaviours, however, decrease in perceived severity of illness for themselves and family members is associated with significant decrease in practicing COVID-19 behaviours. Conclusion: Our results have implications on our understanding of how mitigating behaviours and risk perception can target public education and health policies.

Percepción de riesgo ante el covid-19 en estudiantes de la carrera de psicología de la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés / Perception of the risk to covid-19 in students of the psychology career of the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés / Percepção do risco para covid-19 em alunos da carreira de psicologia da Universidad Mayor de San Andrés

Resumen La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar los niveles de percepción de riesgo frente al virus del Covid-19. El estudio se realizó con una muestra de 148 estudiantes de la carrera de psicología de la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA) La Paz-Bolivia. Se aplicó una escala: Percepción de Riesgo frente al covid-19, el cual se sometió a un análisis estadístico del tipo descriptivo. Los resultados muestran que la mayoría de los participantes presentan una percepción del riesgo, alta y media, frente a la enfermedad y sus consecuencias, destacándose el temor a la muerte de un familiar o enfermad gravemente. Se concluye que existe una tendencia a percibir el covid-19 como una enfermad que pone en riesgo la vida propia y los demás, sin embargo, se presentan dificultades relacionadas con conductas de protección que reduzcan la probabilidad de contagio.

Abstract The objective of this research was to determine the levels of risk perception of the covid-19 virus. The study was carried out with a sample of 148 psychology students of the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA) La Paz-Bolivia. A scale was applied: Risk Perception against covid-19, which was subjected to a descriptive statistical analysis. The results show that most of the participants have a high and medium risk perception of the disease and its consequences, especially the fear of death of a family member or serious illness. It is concluded that there is a tendency to perceive covid-19 as a disease that puts one's own life and the lives of others at risk; however, there are difficulties related to protective behaviors that reduce the probability of contagion.

Resumo O objectivo desta investigação era determinar os níveis de percepção de risco em relação ao vírus covid-19. O estudo foi realizado com uma amostra de 148 estudantes de psicologia da Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA) La Paz-Bolívia. Foi aplicada uma escala: Percepção do Risco em frente da covid-19, que foi sujeita a uma análise estatística descritiva. Os resultados mostram que a maioria dos participantes tem uma percepção de risco elevado e médio da doença e das suas consequências, destacando-se o medo da morte de um membro da família ou de uma doença grave. Conclui-se que existe uma tendência para perceber a covid-19 como uma doença que coloca a própria vida e a vida dos outros em risco; contudo, existem dificuldades relacionadas com comportamentos protectores que reduzem a probabilidade de contágio.

Percepción del riesgo de infección por COVID 19 en procedimientos oftalmológicos / Perceived risk of COVID-19 infection in ophthalmic procedures

Objetivo: Determinar la percepción del nivel de riesgo de infección por COVID19 en la realización de procedimientos oftalmológicos. Métodos: Se encuestaron 70 profesionales de Oftalmología de la provincia Holguín, Cuba. Se aplicó un cuestionario con preguntas tipo Likert (escala 1 al 5) para evaluar 26 procedimientos oftalmológicos. Resultados: Los encuestados (edad media 40,5 ± 2,6 años; tiempo promedio en Oftalmología 13,0 ± 2,6 años; sexo femenino 75,7 por ciento) incluyeron 45 especialistas (64,3 por ciento), 18 residentes (25,7 por ciento) y 7 optometristas (10,0 por ciento). La evaluación promedio del riesgo de infección por COVID-19 atribuida a los procedimientos oftalmológicos fue de 3,63 ± 0,14, significativamente mayor que el valor central de la escala (p<0,0001). No se encontró relación significativa entre la evaluación y las variables edad (p=0,80), sexo (p=0,24), tiempo vinculado a la Oftalmología (p=0,98) y categoría asistencial (p=0,08). El procedimiento considerado de mayor riesgo fue la oftalmoscopía directa (p<0,001); y los de menor riesgo: test de Ishihara, y campo visual (octopus y pantalla tangente). Conclusiones: Los procedimientos oftalmológicos son considerados de alto riesgo de infección por COVID-19. Aquellos que requieren de mayor cercanía, contacto con la superficie ocular y lágrimas se consideraron de mayor riesgo, en primer lugar la oftalmoscopía directa. No existe adecuada percepción del riesgo que implica la tonometría de aire. Se consideraron menos riesgosos los que permiten evitar el contacto directo y mantener el distanciamiento(AU)

Objective: To determine the perception of the level of risk of infection by COVID-19 in the performance of ophthalmologic procedures. Methods: Seventy ophthalmology professionals from Holguin province, Cuba were surveyed. A questionnaire with Likert-type questions (scale 1 to 5) was applied to evaluate 26 ophthalmologic procedures. Results: Respondents (average age 40.5 ± 2.6 years; average time in Ophthalmology 13.0 ± 2.6 years; female gender 75.7 percent) included 45 specialists (64.3 percent), 18 residents (25.7 percent) and 7 optometrists (10.0 percent). The average assessment of the risk of COVID-19 infection attributed to ophthalmologic procedures was 3.63 ± 0.14, significantly higher than the central value of the scale (p<0.0001). No significant relationship was found between the evaluation and the variables age (p=0.80), sex (p=0.24), time linked to Ophthalmology (p=0.98) and care category (p=0.08). The procedure considered to be of higher risk was direct ophthalmoscopy (p<0.001); and those of lower risk: Ishihara test, and visual field (octopus and tangent screen). Conclusions: Ophthalmologic procedures are considered high risk for COVID-19 infection. Those that require greater proximity, contact with the ocular surface and tears were considered to be of higher risk, firstly direct ophthalmoscopy. There is no adequate perception of the risk involved in air tonometry. Those that avoid direct contact and maintain distance were considered less risky(AU)

Diseño y validación de la Escala de Percepción del Riesgo para Conducta Sexual en jóvenes ecuatorianos / Design and validation of the Risk Perception Scale for Sexual Behavior in Ecuadorian Youth

Resumen Introducción: Ser capaces de percibir el riesgo que suponen algunas conductas se asocia a la toma de decisiones protectoras y promotoras de la salud. A pesar de que esta relación es consistente en el caso de comportamientos sexuales, no existe un instrumento culturalmente adaptado al contexto ecuatoriano que evalúe este tipo de percepciones en adolescentes y jóvenes. El objetivo del estudio fue diseñar la "Escala de Percepción del Riesgo para Conducta Sexual en jóvenes ecuatorianos" y analizar sus propiedades psicométricas. Método: Participaron 1822 estudiantes universitarios, con edades entre 16 y 25 años. La escala final contiene 27 ítems. Resultados: El análisis factorial exploratorio determinó la presencia de cuatro subescalas: percepción del riesgo sobre conductas sexuales, percepción del uso del preservativo, conocimiento de los antecedentes sexuales de la pareja y fuente de información sobre sexualidad. El análisis factorial confirmatorio corroboró la estructura factorial con ajuste moderado. Los resultados de la fiabilidad del instrumento arrojaron una consistencia interna excelente. Asimismo, se observó una alta estabilidad, garantizando la fiabilidad test-retest. Conclusión: Se presenta un instrumento fiable y válido para la evaluación de la capacidad de los jóvenes para discernir qué conductas en el marco de la sexualidad podrían suponer un riesgo o una protección para su salud.

Abstract Introduction: Being able to perceive the risk posed by some behaviors is associated with making protective and health-promoting decisions. Although this relationship has been shown to be consistent in the case of sexual behaviors, there is no instrument culturally adapted to the Ecuadorian context that evaluates this type of perceptions in adolescents and young people. The aim of the study was to design the "Risk Perception Scale for Sexual Behavior in Ecuadorian Youth" and analyze its psychometric properties. Method: 1822 university students participated, aged between 16 and 25 years. The final scale contains 27 items. Results: The exploratory factor analysis determined the presence of four subscales: Perception of risk regarding sexual behavior; Perception of condom use; Knowledge of the partner's sexual history and Source of information on sexuality. The confirmatory factor analysis corroborated the factor structure with moderate adjustment. The instrument reliability results showed excellent internal consistency. Likewise, a high stability was observed, guaranteeing test-retest reliability. Conclusion: A reliable and valid instrument is presented for evaluating the ability of young people to discern which behaviors in the context of sexuality could pose a risk or protection to their health.

Percepción de riesgo ante el covid-19 en estudiantes de la carrera de psicología de la "Universidad Mayor de San Andrés"

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar los niveles de percepción de riesgo frente al virus del Covid-19. El estudio se realizó con una muestra de 148 estudiantes de la carrera de psicología de la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA) La Paz-Bolivia. Se aplicó una escala: Percepción de Riesgo frente al covid-19, el cual se sometió a un análisis estadístico del tipo descriptivo. Los resultados muestran que la mayoría de los participantes presentan una percepción del riesgo, alta y media, frente a la enfermedad y sus consecuencias, destacándose el temor a la muerte de un familiar o enfermad gravemente. Se concluye que existe una tendencia a percibir el covid-19 como una enfermad que pone en riesgo la vida propia y los demás, sin embargo, se presentan dificultades relacionadas con conductas de protección que reduzcan la probabilidad de contagio.

The objective of this research was to determine the levels of risk perception of the covid-19 virus. The study was carried out with a sample of 148 psychology students of the Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA) La Paz-Bolivia. A scale was applied: Risk Perception against covid-19, which was subjected to a descriptive statistical analysis. The results show that most of the participants have a high and medium risk perception of the disease and its consequences, especially the fear of death of a family member or serious illness. It is concluded that there is a tendency to perceive covid-19 as a disease that puts one's own life and the lives of others at risk; however, there are difficulties related to protective behaviors that reduce the probability of contagion.

O objectivo desta investigação era determinar os níveis de percepção de risco em relação ao vírus covid-19. O estudo foi realizado com uma amostra de 148 estudantes de psicologia da Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA) La Paz-Bolívia. Foi aplicada uma escala: Percepção do Risco em frente da covid-19, que foi sujeita a uma análise estatística descritiva. Os resultados mostram que a maioria dos participantes tem uma percepção de risco elevado e médio da doença e das suas consequências, destacando-se o medo da morte de um membro da família ou de uma doença grave. Conclui-se que existe uma tendência para perceber a covid-19 como uma doença que coloca a própria vida e a vida dos outros em risco; contudo, existem dificuldades relacionadas com comportamentos protectores que reduzem a probabilidade de contágio.

Incremento de conocimientos sobre COVID-19 en una comunidad del municipio Caroní, Venezuela

RESUMEN Introducción: A pesar del efecto devastador de la COVID-19, numerosas naciones han levantado sus restricciones. Se hace necesario continuar abordando esta problemática desde la promoción, para incrementar la capacitación de las personas en materia de salud. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia de un programa educativo para incrementar el nivel de conocimientos sobre la COVID-19, en pacientes pertenecientes a Villa Aponwao, municipio Caroní, Venezuela, durante el período noviembre de 2021 - febrero de 2022. Método: Se realizó un estudio de intervención pre-experimental, con diseño de antes y después. Se trabajó con una muestra constituida por 85 pacientes, seleccionados mediante muestreo aleatorio simple. A todas las personas seleccionadas se les aplicó una encuesta, se diseñó y aplicó un programa educativo-didáctico e interactivo y se realizó una evaluación final para comprobar la eficacia del programa. Resultados: El 54,1 % representó al sexo femenino y el 41,2 % al grupo de edades de 25-44 años. Predominó como factor de riesgo el no uso de los medios de protección (28,6 %) y el 17,6 % de los encuestados padecía hipertensión arterial. Antes de la intervención el 48,2 % tenían un nivel de conocimientos Regular, luego de aplicado el programa educativo el 52,9 % se encontraban en la categoría de Bien. Conclusiones: Después de implementado el programa educativo se logró incrementar el nivel de conocimientos sobre la COVID-19, de manera que el mismo es eficaz para prevenir esta infección desde la Atención Primaria de Salud.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Despite the devastating effect of COVID-19, many nations have lifted their restrictions. It is necessary to keep addressing this problem using the promotion via, in order to increase people's health training. Objective: To assess the efficacy of an educational program performed to increase the level of knowledge concerning COVID-19 in patients who live in the Aponwao Village, Caroni, Venezuela, during the period November 2021-February 2022. Method: A pre-experimental intervention study was carried out, with a before-and-after design implied. A total of 85 patients were chosen as sample, selected by simple random sampling. It was applied a survey to all the patients selected, an educational-didactic and interactive program was designed and implemented, and a final evaluation was carried out to verify the effectiveness of the program. Results: Female sex was the most representative group (54.1%) and 41.2% of patients were in the age group of 25 to 44. The predominant risk factor was the non-use of means for prevention against COVID-19 infection (28.6 %) and 17.6 % of patients surveyed suffered from hypertension. Before carried out the intervention study, 48.2% of participants had an insufficient level of knowledge; after applied the educational program, 52.9% increase their knowledge passing to ¨Good¨ knowledge level. Conclusions: The implementation of the educational program made possible to increase the level of knowledge concerning COVID-19, so that its efficacy for preventing this infection in Primary Health Care it is effective.

RESUMO Introdução: Apesar do efeito devastador do COVID-19, muitas nações suspenderam suas restrições. É necessário continuar a abordar este problema desde a promoção, para aumentar a formação das pessoas em saúde. Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia de um programa educacional para aumentar o nível de conhecimento sobre COVID-19, em pacientes pertencentes a Villa Aponwao, Caroní, Venezuela, durante o período de novembro de 2021 a fevereiro de 2022. Método: Estudo de intervenção pré-experimental, com um desenho antes e depois. Trabalhamos com uma amostra composta por 85 pacientes, selecionados por amostragem aleatória simples. Aplicou-se um questionário a todas as pessoas selecionadas, desenhou-se e aplicou-se um programa educativo-didático e interativo e realizou-se uma avaliação final para verificar a eficácia do programa. Resultados: 54,1% representavam o sexo feminino e 41,2% a faixa etária de 25 a 44 anos. A não utilização de meios de proteção prevaleceu como fator de risco (28,6%) e 17,6% dos entrevistados sofriam de hipertensão. Antes da intervenção, 48,2% possuíam nível de conhecimento Regular, após a aplicação do programa educativo, 52,9% estavam na categoria Bom. Conclusões: Após a implementação do programa educativo, aumentou-se o nível de conhecimento sobre a COVID-19, para que seja eficaz na prevenção desta infecção a partir da Atenção Primária à Saúde.